The development of relations between the United States (US) and China has become increasingly complex in recent years, with many factors influencing the dynamics of the two countries. One of the main issues is economic competition. The US considers China a strategic competitor, especially in technology and trade. The trade agreement signed in January 2020 was an effort to reduce the US trade deficit with China, but tensions remain over trade practices that are considered unfair. Apart from that, technological issues are the main focus. The US has imposed restrictions on Chinese technology companies such as Huawei and ZTE, which it considers a threat to national security. On the other hand, China is increasing investment in domestic technology and promoting policies to reduce dependence on foreign products. The emergence of initiatives such as “Made in China 2025” emphasizes sustainability and innovation in local technology development. Security issues also play an important role in this relationship. Tensions in the South China Sea, where the US asserts its freedom of navigation, in contrast to China’s aggressive territorial claims, create the potential for conflict. The US has strengthened security partnerships with Asian countries, including Japan, Australia and India, to respond to China’s actions in the region. In the diplomatic sector, the two countries involve each other in international forums. However, their approaches to global issues such as climate change, human rights and pandemic prevention are often at odds. China criticizes the US for interference in domestic affairs, especially related to Tibet and Xinjiang, while the US condemns Chinese policies seen as curbing freedoms. Handling the COVID-19 pandemic has also affected bilateral relations. The US accused China of not being transparent in its disclosure of early information regarding the virus, fostering distrust between the two countries. In contrast, China is trying to strengthen its image by providing aid and vaccines to developing countries, seeking to establish itself as a leader in global health. In the domestic context, both the US and China face internal challenges that complicate foreign relations. The US is politically polarized, with foreign policy influenced by diverse public opinion. On the other hand, China is facing social and economic pressure, especially post-pandemic. Social policies and government controls can influence their foreign responses, including towards the US. Finally, recent developments in US-China relations also include environmental engagement. Both are committed to reducing carbon emissions, although their approaches are different. The US emphasizes clean policies and technologies, while China focuses on developing renewable energy as part of its long-term strategy. All of these factors create a broader picture of US and China relations. Firmness in negotiations, managing geopolitical risks, and seeking common ground on global issues are key in shaping the future of relations between the two countries.
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